Encoding method and device of video using data unit of hierarchical structure, and decoding method and device thereof

ABSTRACT

Provided are a method and a device for encoding a video by using a data unit of a hierarchical structure, and a method and a device for decoding the same. A video encoding device includes: a hierarchical encoder configured to encode a picture of a video based on a data unit of a hierarchical structure; and an entropy coder configured to determine a context model used for entropy coding of a symbol based on hierarchical information of a data unit to which the symbol of the encoded picture belongs, and to entropy encode the symbol using the determined context model.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/978,626, filed on Jul. 19, 2013 in the United States Patent andTrademark Office, which is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C.§371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2012/000155, filed on Jan.6, 2012, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/430,322, filed on Jan. 6, 2011 in the United States Patent andTrademark Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Apparatuses and methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate toencoding and decoding video, and more particularly, to encoding anddecoding of a symbol of a video codec.

2. Description of the Related Art

According to image compression methods, such as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, orMPEG-4 H.264/MPEG-4 advanced video coding (AVC), an image is split intoblocks having a predetermined size, and then, residual data of theblocks is obtained by inter prediction or intra prediction. Residualdata is compressed by transformation, quantization, scanning, run lengthcoding, and entropy coding. In entropy coding, a syntax element, such asa discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient or a motion vector, isentropy coded to output a bitstream. At a decoder's end, syntax elementsare extracted from the bitstream, and decoding is performed based on theextracted syntax elements.

SUMMARY

Aspects of one or more exemplary embodiments provide a method and devicefor efficiently entropy coding and decoding symbols that are imageinformation by selecting a context model from an image codec based onhierarchical-structured data units by using hierarchical structureinformation.

According to an aspect of one or more exemplary embodiments, the entropycoding and decoding are performed by selecting a context model based ona combination of hierarchical structure information and additionalinformation related to encoding other than the hierarchical structureinformation.

According to an aspect of one or more exemplary embodiments, acompression efficiency of video based on a hierarchical-structured dataunit may be improved.

According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, there is provided avideo encoding method including: encoding a picture of a video based ona hierarchical-structured data unit; determining a context model usedfor entropy coding of a symbol of the picture based on hierarchicalinformation of a data unit to which the symbol of the encoded picturebelongs; and entropy coding the symbol using the determined contextmodel.

According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, there isprovided a video encoding device including: a hierarchical encoderconfigured to encode a picture of the video based on ahierarchical-structured data unit; and an entropy coder configured todetermine a context model used for entropy coding of a symbol based onhierarchical information of a data unit to which the symbol of theencoded picture belongs and to encode the symbol using the determinedcontext model.

According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, there isprovided a video decoding method including: extracting a symbol of apicture encoded based on a hierarchical-structured data unit by parsingan encoded bitstream; determining a context model used for entropydecoding of the extracted symbol based on hierarchical information of adata unit to which the symbol belongs; and entropy decoding theextracted symbol using the determined context model.

According to an aspect of another exemplary embodiment, there isprovided a video decoding device including: a symbol extractorconfigured to extract a symbol of a picture encoded based on ahierarchical-structured data unit by parsing an encoded bitstream; andan entropy decoder configured to determine a context model used forentropy decoding of the symbol based on hierarchical information of adata unit to which the symbol belongs and to entropy decode the symbolusing the determined context model.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a device for encoding a video, according toan exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a device for decoding a video, according toan exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a diagram for describing a concept of coding units accordingto an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a video encoder based on coding unitshaving a hierarchical structure, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a video decoder based on coding unitshaving a hierarchical structure, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating coding units according to depths, andpartitions, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a diagram for describing a relationship between coding unitsand transformation units, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a diagram for describing encoding information according todepths, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a diagram for describing coding units according to depths,according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 are diagrams for describing a relationship betweena coding unit, a prediction unit, and a frequency transformation unit,according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a diagram for describing a relationship between a codingunit, a prediction unit, and a transformation unit, according toencoding mode information of Table 1;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of an entropy codingdevice according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 15 illustrates a hierarchical-structured data unit andhierarchical-structured data unit split information, according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 16 and 17 are reference views illustrating symbols indicating ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a reference view for describing a process of entropy codingof a transformation coefficient, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 19 illustrates context indexes to determine a context model basedon the size of a data unit, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a reference view illustrating a context model according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 21 is a graph of an MPS occurrence probability value according toan exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 22 illustrates context indexes to determine a context model basedon the size of a data unit, according to another exemplary embodiment;

FIGS. 23 and 24 are reference views illustrating a context index mappingtable set based on information about the position of a data unit,according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 25 is a reference view illustrating determining a context indexbased on a combination of hierarchical information and additionalinformation other than the hierarchical information, according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 26 is a diagram for describing a binary arithmetic coding processperformed by a regular encoder of FIG. 14;

FIG. 27 is a flowchart of a video encoding method using ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 28 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of an entropydecoding device, according to an exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 29 is a flowchart of a video decoding method using ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to another exemplaryembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, an “image” described in various embodiments of the presentapplication may be an inclusive concept referring to not only a stillimage but a video image.

When various operations are performed on data related to an image, thedata related to the image is split into data groups, and the sameoperation may be performed on data included in the same data group. Inthis specification, a data group formed according to predeterminedstandards is referred to as a “data unit.” Hereinafter, an operationperformed on each “data unit” is understood as performed using dataincluded in a data unit.

Hereinafter, a method and device for encoding and decoding of video inwhich a symbol having a tree structure is encoded or decoded based on atransformation unit and a coding unit having a tree structure, accordingto an exemplary embodiment, will be described with reference to FIGS. 1through 13. In addition, the method of entropy coding and decoding usedin the encoding and decoding of video described with reference to FIGS.1 through 13 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 14through 29.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a video encoding device 100 according to anexemplary embodiment.

The video encoding device 100 includes a hierarchical encoder 110 and anentropy coder 120.

The hierarchical encoder 110 may split a current picture to be encoded,in units of predetermined data units to perform encoding on each of thedata units. In detail, the hierarchical encoder 110 may split a currentpicture based on a maximum coding unit, which is a coding unit of amaximum size. The maximum coding unit according to an exemplaryembodiment may be a data unit having a size of 32×32, 64×64, 128×128,256×256, etc., wherein a shape of the data unit is a square which has awidth and length in squares of 2 and is greater than 8.

A coding unit according to an exemplary embodiment may be characterizedby a maximum size and a depth. The depth denotes the number of times thecoding unit is spatially split from the maximum coding unit, and as thedepth deepens, encoding units according to depths may be split from themaximum coding unit to a minimum coding unit. A depth of the maximumcoding unit is an uppermost depth and a depth of the minimum coding unitis a lowermost depth. Since a size of a coding unit corresponding toeach depth decreases as the depth of the maximum coding unit deepens, acoding unit corresponding to an upper depth may include a plurality ofcoding units corresponding to lower depths.

As described above, image data of the current picture is split into themaximum coding units according to a maximum size of the coding unit, andeach of the maximum coding units may include coding units that are splitaccording to depths. Since the maximum coding unit according to anexemplary embodiment is split according to depths, the image data of aspatial domain included in the maximum coding unit may be hierarchicallyclassified according to depths.

A maximum depth and a maximum size of a coding unit, which limit thetotal number of times a height and a width of the maximum coding unitare hierarchically split, may be predetermined.

The hierarchical encoder 110 encodes at least one split region obtainedby splitting a region of the maximum coding unit according to depths,and determines a depth to output finally encoded image data according tothe at least one split region. In other words, the hierarchical encoder110 determines a coded depth by encoding the image data in the codingunits according to depths, according to the maximum coding unit of thecurrent picture, and selecting a depth having the least encoding error.The determined coded depth and the encoded image data according tomaximum encoding units are output to the entropy coder 120.

The image data in the maximum coding unit is encoded based on the codingunits corresponding to at least one depth equal to or smaller than themaximum depth, and results of encoding the image data are compared basedon each of the coding units according to depths. A depth having theleast encoding error may be selected after comparing encoding errors ofthe coding units according to depths. At least one coded depth may beselected for each maximum coding unit.

The size of the maximum coding unit is split as a coding unit ishierarchically split according to depths and as the number of codingunits increases. Also, even if coding units correspond to a same depthin one maximum coding unit, it is determined whether to split each ofthe coding units corresponding to the same depth to a lower depth bymeasuring an encoding error of the image data of each coding unit,separately. Accordingly, even when image data is included in one maximumcoding unit, the image data is split into regions according to thedepths, and the encoding errors may differ according to regions in theone maximum coding unit, and thus the coded depths may differ accordingto regions in the image data. Thus, one or more coded depths may bedetermined in one maximum coding unit, and the image data of the maximumcoding unit may be divided according to coding units of at least onecoded depth.

Accordingly, the hierarchical encoder 110 may determine coding unitshaving a tree structure included in the maximum coding unit. The ‘codingunits having a tree structure’ according to an exemplary embodimentinclude coding units corresponding to a depth determined to be the codeddepth, from among all coding units according to depths included in themaximum coding unit. A coding unit having a coded depth may behierarchically determined according to depths in the same region of themaximum coding unit, and may be independently determined in differentregions. Similarly, a coded depth in a current region may beindependently determined from a coded depth in another region.

A maximum depth according to an exemplary embodiment is an index relatedto the number of times splitting is performed from a maximum coding unitto a minimum coding unit. A first maximum depth according to anexemplary embodiment may denote the total number of times splitting isperformed from the maximum coding unit to the minimum coding unit. Asecond maximum depth according to an exemplary embodiment may denote thetotal number of depth levels from the maximum coding unit to the minimumcoding unit. For example, when a depth of the maximum coding unit is 0,a depth of a coding unit, in which the maximum coding unit is splitonce, may be set to 1, and a depth of a coding unit, in which themaximum coding unit is split twice, may be set to 2. Here, if theminimum coding unit is a coding unit in which the maximum coding unit issplit four times, five depth levels of depths 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 exist,and thus the first maximum depth may be set to 4, and the second maximumdepth may be set to 5.

Prediction encoding and transformation may be performed according to themaximum coding unit. The prediction encoding and the transformation arealso performed based on the coding units according to a depth equal toor depths less than the maximum depth, according to the maximum codingunit.

Since the number of coding units according to depths increases wheneverthe maximum coding unit is split according to depths, encoding includingthe prediction encoding and the transformation is performed on all ofthe coding units according to depths generated as the depth deepens. Forconvenience of description, the prediction encoding and thetransformation will now be described based on a coding unit of a currentdepth, in a maximum coding unit.

The video encoding device 100 may variously select a size or shape of adata unit for encoding the image data. In order to encode the imagedata, operations, such as prediction encoding, transformation, andentropy coding, are performed, and at this time, the same data unit maybe used for all operations or different data units may be used for eachoperation.

For example, the video encoding device 100 may select not only a codingunit for encoding the image data, but also a data unit different fromthe coding unit so as to perform the prediction encoding on the imagedata in the coding unit.

In order to perform prediction encoding in the maximum coding unit, theprediction encoding may be performed based on a coding unitcorresponding to a coded depth, i.e., based on a coding unit that is nolonger split into coding units corresponding to a lower depth.Hereinafter, the coding unit that is no longer split and becomes a basisunit for prediction encoding will now be referred to as a ‘predictionunit’. A partition obtained by splitting the prediction unit may includea prediction unit or a data unit obtained by splitting at least one of aheight and a width of the prediction unit.

For example, when a coding unit of 2N×2N (where N is a positive integer)is no longer split and becomes a prediction unit of 2N×2N, a size of apartition may be 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, or N×N. Examples of a partition typeinclude symmetrical partitions that are obtained by symmetricallysplitting a height or width of the prediction unit, partitions obtainedby asymmetrically splitting the height or width of the prediction unit,such as 1:n or n:1, partitions that are obtained by geometricallysplitting the prediction unit, and partitions having arbitrary shapes.

A prediction mode of the prediction unit may be at least one of an intramode, an inter mode, and a skip mode. For example, the intra mode or theinter mode may be performed on the partition of 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, orN×N. Also, the skip mode may be performed only on the partition of2N×2N. The encoding is independently performed on one prediction unit ina coding unit, thereby selecting a prediction mode having the leastencoding error.

The video encoding device 100 may also perform the transformation on theimage data in a coding unit based not only on the coding unit forencoding the image data, but also based on a data unit that is differentfrom the coding unit.

In order to perform the transformation in the coding unit, thetransformation may be performed based on a data unit having a sizesmaller than or equal to the coding unit. For example, the data unit forthe transformation may include a data unit for an intra mode and a dataunit for an inter mode.

A data unit used as a base of the transformation will now be referred toas a ‘transformation unit’. Similarly to the coding unit, thetransformation unit in the coding unit may be recursively split intosmaller sized regions, so that the transformation unit may be determinedindependently in units of regions. Thus, residual data in the codingunit may be divided according to the transformation unit having the treestructure according to transformation depths.

A transformation depth indicating the number of times splitting isperformed to reach the transformation unit by splitting the height andwidth of the coding unit may also be set in the transformation unit. Forexample, in a current coding unit of 2N×2N, a transformation depth maybe 0 when the size of a transformation unit is 2N×2N, may be 1 when thesize of a transformation unit is N×N, and may be 2 when the size of atransformation unit is N/2×N/2. That is, the transformation unit havingthe tree structure may also be set according to transformation depths.

Encoding information according to coding units corresponding to a codeddepth requires not only information about the coded depth, but alsoabout information related to prediction encoding and transformation.Accordingly, the hierarchical encoder 110 not only determines a codeddepth having the least encoding error, but also determines a partitiontype in a prediction unit, a prediction mode according to predictionunits, and a size of a transformation unit for transformation.

Coding units according to a tree structure in a maximum coding unit anda method of determining a partition, according to exemplary embodiments,will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 3 through 12.

The hierarchical encoder 110 may measure an encoding error of codingunits according to depths by using Rate-Distortion Optimization based onLagrangian multipliers.

The entropy coder 120 outputs the image data of the maximum coding unit,which is encoded based on the at least one coded depth determined by thehierarchical encoder 110, and information about the encoding modeaccording to the coded depth, in a bitstream. The encoded image data maybe a coding result of residual data of an image. The information aboutthe encoding mode according to the coded depth may include informationabout the coded depth, information about the partition type in theprediction unit, prediction mode information, and information about thesize of the transformation unit. In particular, as will be describedbelow, when encoding the image data of the maximum coding unit andsymbols related to an encoding mode according to depths, the entropycoder 120 may perform entropy coding by selecting a context model basedon hierarchical structure information of the above-describedhierarchical-structured data unit and information about a colorcomponent used in a video encoding method other than the hierarchicalstructure.

The information about the coded depth may be defined by using splitinformation according to depths, which indicates whether encoding isperformed on coding units of a lower depth instead of a current depth.If the current depth of the current coding unit is the coded depth,image data in the current coding unit is encoded and output, and thusthe split information may be defined not to split the current codingunit to a lower depth. Alternatively, if the current depth of thecurrent coding unit is not the coded depth, the encoding is performed onthe coding unit of the lower depth, and thus the split information maybe defined to split the current coding unit to obtain the coding unitsof the lower depth.

If the current depth is not the coded depth, encoding is performed onthe coding unit that is split into the coding unit of the lower depth.Since at least one coding unit of the lower depth exists in one codingunit of the current depth, the encoding is repeatedly performed on eachcoding unit of the lower depth, and thus the encoding may be recursivelyperformed for the coding units having the same depth.

Since the coding units having a tree structure are determined for onemaximum coding unit, and information about at least one encoding mode isdetermined for a coding unit of a coded depth, information about atleast one encoding mode may be determined for one maximum coding unit.Also, a coded depth of the image data of the maximum coding unit may bedifferent according to locations since the image data is hierarchicallysplit according to depths, and thus information about the coded depthand the encoding mode may be set for the image data.

Accordingly, the entropy coder 120 may assign encoding information abouta corresponding coded depth and an encoding mode to at least one of thecoding unit, the prediction unit, and a minimum unit included in themaximum coding unit.

The minimum unit according to an exemplary embodiment is a square-shapeddata unit obtained by splitting the minimum coding unit constituting thelowermost depth by 4. Alternatively, the minimum unit may be a maximumsquare-shaped data unit that may be included in all of the coding units,prediction units, partition units, and transformation units included inthe maximum coding unit.

For example, the encoding information output through the entropy coder120 may be classified into encoding information according to codingunits and encoding information according to prediction units. Theencoding information according to the coding units may include theinformation about the prediction mode and about the size of thepartitions. The encoding information according to the prediction unitsmay include information about an estimated direction of an inter mode,about a reference image index of the inter mode, about a motion vector,about a chroma component of an intra mode, and about an interpolationmethod of the intra mode. Also, information about a maximum size of thecoding unit defined according to pictures, slices, or a group ofpictures (GOP), and information about a maximum depth may be insertedinto a header of a bitstream.

In the video encoding device 100, the coding unit according to depthsmay be a coding unit obtained by dividing a height or width of a codingunit of an upper depth, which is one layer above, by two. In otherwords, when the size of the coding unit of the current depth is 2N×2N,the size of the coding unit of the lower depth is N×N. Also, the codingunit of the current depth having the size of 2N×2N may include a maximumnumber of four coding units of the lower depth.

Accordingly, the video encoding device 100 may form the coding unitshaving the tree structure by determining coding units having an optimumshape and an optimum size for each maximum coding unit, based on thesize of the maximum coding unit and the maximum depth determinedconsidering characteristics of the current picture. Also, since encodingmay be performed on each maximum coding unit by using any one of variousprediction modes and transformations, an optimum encoding mode may bedetermined considering characteristics of the coding unit of variousimage sizes.

Thus, if an image having a high resolution or a large data amount isencoded in a related art macroblock, a number of macroblocks per pictureexcessively increases. Accordingly, a number of pieces of compressedinformation generated for each macroblock increases, and thus it isdifficult to transmit the compressed information and data compressionefficiency decreases. However, by using the video encoding device 100,image compression efficiency may be increased since a coding unit isadjusted while considering characteristics of an image while increasinga maximum size of a coding unit while considering a size of the image.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a video decoding device 200 according to anexemplary embodiment.

The video decoding device 200 includes a symbol extracting unit 210(e.g., symbol extractor), an entropy decoder 220, and a hierarchicaldecoder 230. Definitions of various terms, such as a coding unit, adepth, a prediction unit, a transformation unit, and information aboutvarious encoding modes, for various operations of the video decodingdevice 200 are identical to those described with reference to FIG. 1 andthe video encoding device 100.

The symbol extracting unit 210 receives and parses a bitstream of anencoded video. The entropy decoder 220 extracts encoded image data foreach coding unit from the parsed bitstream, wherein the coding unitshave a tree structure according to each maximum coding unit, and outputsthe extracted image data to the hierarchical decoder 230. The entropydecoder 220 may extract information about the maximum size of a codingunit of a current picture from a header of the current picture.

Also, the entropy decoder 220 extracts information about a coded depthand an encoding mode for the coding units having a tree structureaccording to each maximum coding unit, from the parsed bitstream. Theextracted information about the coded depth and the encoding mode isoutput to the hierarchical decoder 230. In other words, the image datain a bitstream is split into the maximum coding unit so that thehierarchical decoder 230 may decode the image data for each maximumcoding unit.

The information about the coded depth and the encoding mode according tothe maximum coding unit may be set for information about at least onecoding unit corresponding to the coded depth, and information about anencoding mode may include information about a partition type of acorresponding coding unit corresponding to the coded depth, about aprediction mode, and a size of a transformation unit. Also, splittinginformation according to depths may be extracted as the informationabout the coded depth.

The information about the coded depth and the encoding mode according toeach maximum coding unit extracted by the entropy decoder 220 isinformation about a coded depth and an encoding mode determined togenerate a minimum encoding error when an encoder, such as the videoencoding device 100, repeatedly performs encoding for each coding unitaccording to depths according to depths according to each maximum codingunit. Accordingly, the video decoding device 200 may restore an image bydecoding the image data according to a coded depth and an encoding modethat generates the minimum encoding error.

Since encoding information about the coded depth and the encoding modemay be assigned to a predetermined data unit from among a correspondingcoding unit, a prediction unit, and a minimum unit, the entropy decoder220 may extract the information about the coded depth and the encodingmode according to the predetermined data units. The predetermined dataunits to which the same information about the coded depth and theencoding mode is assigned may be inferred to be the data units includedin the same maximum coding unit.

Also, as will be described below, when decoding the image data of themaximum coding unit and symbols related to an encoding mode according todepths, the entropy decoder 220 may perform entropy decoding byselecting a context model based on hierarchical structure information ofthe above-described hierarchical-structured data unit and informationabout various information such as a color component other than thehierarchical structure.

The hierarchical decoder 230 restores the current picture by decodingthe image data in each maximum coding unit based on the informationabout the coded depth and the encoding mode according to the maximumcoding units. In other words, the hierarchical decoder 230 may decodethe encoded image data based on the extracted information about thepartition type, the prediction mode, and the transformation unit foreach coding unit from among the coding units having the tree structureincluded in each maximum coding unit. A decoding process may includeprediction including intra prediction and motion compensation, andinverse transformation.

The hierarchical decoder 230 may perform intra prediction or motioncompensation according to a partition and a prediction mode of eachcoding unit, based on the information about the partition type and theprediction mode of the prediction unit of the coding unit according tocoded depths.

Also, the hierarchical decoder 230 may perform inverse transformationaccording to each transformation unit in the coding unit, based on theinformation about the size of the transformation unit of the coding unitaccording to coded depths, so as to perform the inverse transformationaccording to maximum coding units.

The hierarchical decoder 230 may determine at least one coded depth of acurrent maximum coding unit by using split information according todepths. If the split information indicates that image data is no longersplit in the current depth, the current depth is a coded depth.Accordingly, the hierarchical decoder 230 may decode the coding unit ofthe current depth with respect to the image data of the current maximumcoding unit by using the information about the partition type of theprediction unit, the prediction mode, and the size of the transformationunit.

In other words, data units containing the encoding information includingthe same split information may be gathered by observing the encodinginformation set assigned for the predetermined data unit from among thecoding unit, the prediction unit, and the minimum unit, and the gathereddata units may be considered to be one data unit to be decoded by thehierarchical decoder 230 in the same encoding mode.

The video decoding device 200 may obtain information about at least onecoding unit that generates the minimum encoding error when encoding isrecursively performed for each maximum coding unit, and may use theinformation to decode the current picture. In other words, encoded imagedata of the coding units having the tree structure determined to be theoptimum coding units in each maximum coding unit may be decoded.

Accordingly, even if image data has a high resolution and a large amountof data, the image data may be efficiently decoded and restored by usinga size of a coding unit and an encoding mode, which are adaptivelydetermined according to characteristics of the image data, by usinginformation about an optimum encoding mode received from an encoder.

A method of determining coding units having a tree structure, aprediction unit, and a transformation unit, according to an exemplaryembodiment, will now be described with reference to FIGS. 3 through 13.

FIG. 3 is a diagram for describing a concept of coding units accordingto an exemplary embodiment.

A size of a coding unit may be expressed in width×height, and may be64×64, 32×32, 16×16, and 8×8. A coding unit of 64×64 may be split intopartitions of 64×64, 64×32, 32×64, or 32×32; and a coding unit of 32×32may be split into partitions of 32×32, 32×16, 16×32, or 16×16; a codingunit of 16×16 may be split into partitions of 16×16, 16×8, 8×16, or 8×8;and a coding unit of 8×8 may be split into partitions of 8×8, 8×4, 4×8,or 4×4.

In video data 310, a resolution is 1920×1080, a maximum size of a codingunit is 64, and a maximum depth is 2. In video data 320, a resolution is1920×1080, a maximum size of a coding unit is 64, and a maximum depth is3. In video data 330, a resolution is 352×288, a maximum size of acoding unit is 16, and a maximum depth is 1. The maximum depth shown inFIG. 3 denotes a total number of splits from a maximum coding unit to aminimum coding unit.

If a resolution is high or a data amount is large, a maximum size of acoding unit may be large so as to not only increase encoding efficiencybut also to accurately reflect characteristics of an image. Accordingly,the maximum size of the coding unit of the video data 310 and 320 havinga resolution higher than the video data 330 may be 64.

Since the maximum depth of the video data 310 is 2, coding units 315 ofthe vide data 310 may include a maximum coding unit having a long axissize of 64, and coding units having long axis sizes of 32 and 16 sincedepths are deepened to two layers by splitting the maximum coding unittwice. Meanwhile, since the maximum depth of the video data 330 is 1,coding units 335 of the video data 330 may include a maximum coding unithaving a long axis size of 16, and coding units having a long axis sizeof 8 since depths are deepened to one layer by splitting the maximumcoding unit once.

Since the maximum depth of the video data 320 is 3, coding units 325 ofthe video data 320 may include a maximum coding unit having a long axissize of 64, and coding units having long axis sizes of 32, 16, and 8since the depths are deepened to 3 layers by splitting the maximumcoding unit three times. As a depth deepens, detailed information may beprecisely expressed.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a video encoder 400 based on coding unitshaving a hierarchical structure, according to an exemplary embodiment.

An intra predictor 410 performs intra prediction on coding units in anintra mode, with respect to a current frame 405, and a motion estimator420 and a motion compensator 425 respectively perform inter estimationand motion compensation on coding units in an inter mode by using thecurrent frame 405 and a reference frame 495.

Data output from the intra predictor 410, the motion estimator 420, andthe motion compensator 425 is output as a quantized transformationcoefficient through a transformer 430 and a quantizer 440. The quantizedtransformation coefficient is restored as data in a spatial domainthrough an inverse quantizer 460 and an inverse transformer 470, and therestored data in the spatial domain is output as the reference frame 495after being post-processed through a deblocking unit 480 and a loopfiltering unit 490. The quantized transformation coefficient may beoutput as a bitstream 455 through an entropy coder 450.

When encoding the image data of the maximum coding unit and symbolsrelated to an encoding mode according to depths, the entropy coder 450may perform entropy decoding by selecting a context model based onhierarchical structure information of the hierarchical-structured dataunit and various information such as a color component other than thehierarchical structure.

In order for the video encoder 400 to be applied in the video encodingdevice 100, all elements of the video encoder 400, i.e., the intrapredictor 410, the motion estimator 420, the motion compensator 425, thetransformer 430, the quantizer 440, the entropy coder 450, the inversequantizer 460, the inverse transformer 470, the deblocking unit 480, andthe loop filtering unit 490, perform operations based on each codingunit from among coding units having a tree structure while consideringthe maximum depth of each maximum coding unit.

Specifically, the intra predictor 410, the motion estimator 420, and themotion compensator 425 determine partitions and a prediction mode ofeach coding unit from among the coding units having a tree structurewhile considering the maximum size and the maximum depth of a currentmaximum coding unit, and the transformer 430 determines the size of thetransformation unit in each coding unit from among the coding unitshaving a tree structure. Also, the entropy coder 450 according to thepresent exemplary embodiment may perform entropy coding by selecting acontext model used for the entropy coding based on hierarchicalstructure information of the hierarchical-structured data unit andvarious information such as a color component other than thehierarchical structure according to the type of a corresponding symbol.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a video decoder 500 based on coding units,according to an exemplary embodiment.

A parser 510 parses encoded image data to be decoded and informationabout encoding required for decoding, from a bitstream 505. The encodedimage data is output as inverse quantized data through an entropydecoder 520 and an inverse quantizer 530, and the inverse quantized datais restored to image data in a spatial domain through an inversetransformer 540.

An intra predictor 550 performs intra prediction on coding units in anintra mode with respect to the image data in the spatial domain, and amotion compensator 560 performs motion compensation on coding units inan inter mode by using a reference frame 585.

The image data in the spatial domain, which passed through the intrapredictor 550 and the motion compensator 560, may be output as arestored frame 595 after being post-processed through a deblocking unit570 and a loop filtering unit 580. Also, the image data, which ispost-processed through the deblocking unit 570 and the loop filteringunit 580, may be output as the reference frame 585.

In order for the video decoder 500 to be applied in the video decodingdevice 200, all elements of the video decoder 500, i.e., the parser 510,the entropy decoder 520, the inverse quantizer 530, the inversetransformer 540, the intra predictor 550, the motion compensator 560,the deblocking unit 570, and the loop filtering unit 580, performoperations based on coding units having a tree structure for eachmaximum coding unit.

In particular, the intra predictor 550 and the motion compensator 560determine a partition and a prediction mode for each coding unit havinga tree structure, and the inverse transformer 540 has to determine asize of a transformation unit for each coding unit. Also, the entropydecoder 520 according to the present exemplary embodiment may performentropy decoding by selecting a context model used for the entropydecoding of the coded image data that is to be decoded and symbolsindicating information about encoding needed for decoding, based onhierarchical structure information of the hierarchical-structured dataunit and various information such as a color component other than thehierarchical structure according to the type of a corresponding symbol.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating coding units according to depths, andpartitions, according to an exemplary embodiment.

The video encoding device 100 and the video decoding device 200 usehierarchical coding units so as to consider characteristics of an image.A maximum height, a maximum width, and a maximum depth of coding unitsmay be adaptively determined according to the characteristics of theimage, or may be differently set by a user. Sizes of coding unitsaccording to depths may be determined according to the predeterminedmaximum size of the coding unit.

In a hierarchical structure 600 of coding units according to anexemplary embodiment, the maximum height and the maximum width of thecoding units are each 64, and the maximum depth is 4. Since a depthdeepens along a vertical axis of the hierarchical structure 600, aheight and a width of the coding unit according to depths are eachsplit. Also, a prediction unit and partitions, which are bases forprediction encoding of each coding unit according to depths, are shownalong a horizontal axis of the hierarchical structure 600.

In other words, a coding unit 610 is a maximum coding unit in thehierarchical structure 600, wherein a depth is 0 and a size, i.e., aheight by width, is 64×64. The depth deepens along the vertical axis,and a coding unit 620 having a size of 32×32 and a depth of 1, a codingunit 630 having a size of 16×16 and a depth of 2, a coding unit 640having a size of 8×8 and a depth of 3, and a coding unit 650 having asize of 4×4 and a depth of 4 exist. The coding unit 650 having the sizeof 4×4 and the depth of 4 is a minimum coding unit.

The prediction unit and the partitions of a coding unit are arrangedalong the horizontal axis according to each depth. In other words, ifthe coding unit 610 having the size of 64×64 and the depth of 0 is aprediction unit, the prediction unit may be split into partitionsincluded in the encoding unit 610, i.e., a partition 610 having a sizeof 64×64, partitions 612 having the size of 64×32, partitions 614 havingthe size of 32×64, or partitions 616 having the size of 32×32.

Similarly, a prediction unit of the coding unit 620 having the size of32×32 and the depth of 1 may be split into partitions included in thecoding unit 620, i.e., a partition 620 having a size of 32×32,partitions 622 having a size of 32×16, partitions 624 having a size of16×32, and partitions 626 having a size of 16×16.

Similarly, a prediction unit of the coding unit 630 having the size of16×16 and the depth of 2 may be split into partitions included in thecoding unit 630, i.e., a partition having a size of 16×16 included inthe coding unit 630, partitions 632 having a size of 16×8, partitions634 having a size of 8×16, and partitions 636 having a size of 8×8.

Similarly, a prediction unit of the coding unit 640 having the size of8×8 and the depth of 3 may be split into partitions included in thecoding unit 640, i.e., a partition having a size of 8×8 included in thecoding unit 640, partitions 642 having a size of 8×4, partitions 644having a size of 4×8, and partitions 646 having a size of 4×4.

The coding unit 650 having the size of 4×4 and the depth of 4 is theminimum coding unit and a coding unit of the lowermost depth. Aprediction unit of the coding unit 650 is only assigned to a partitionhaving a size of 4×4.

In order to determine the at least one coded depth of the coding unitsconstituting the maximum coding unit 610, the hierarchical encoder 110of the video encoding device 100 performs encoding for coding unitscorresponding to each depth included in the maximum coding unit 610.

The number of coding units according to depths including data in thesame range and the same size increases as the depth deepens. Forexample, four coding units corresponding to a depth of 2 are required tocover data that is included in one coding unit corresponding to a depthof 1. Accordingly, in order to compare encoding results of the same dataaccording to depths, the coding unit corresponding to the depth of 1 andfour coding units corresponding to the depth of 2 are each encoded.

In order to perform encoding for a current depth from among the depths,a least encoding error may be selected for the current depth byperforming encoding for each prediction unit in the coding unitscorresponding to the current depth, along the horizontal axis of thehierarchical structure 600. Alternatively, the minimum encoding errormay be searched for by comparing the least encoding errors according todepths and performing encoding for each depth as the depth deepens alongthe vertical axis of the hierarchical structure 600. A depth and apartition having the minimum encoding error in the coding unit 610 maybe selected as the coded depth and a partition type of the coding unit610.

FIG. 7 is a diagram for describing a relationship between a coding unit710 and transformation units 720, according to an exemplary embodiment.

The video encoding device 100 or the video decoding device 200 encodesor decodes an image according to coding units having sizes smaller thanor equal to a maximum coding unit for each maximum coding unit. Sizes oftransformation units for transformation during encoding may be selectedbased on data units that are not larger than a corresponding codingunit.

For example, in the video encoding device 100 or the video decodingdevice 200, if a size of the coding unit 710 is 64×64, transformationmay be performed by using the transformation units 720 having a size of32×32.

Also, data of the coding unit 710 having the size of 64×64 may beencoded by performing the transformation on each of the transformationunits having the size of 32×32, 16×16, 8×8, and 4×4, which are smallerthan 64×64, and then a transformation unit having the least coding errormay be selected.

FIG. 8 is a diagram for describing encoding information of coding unitscorresponding to a coded depth, according to an exemplary embodiment.

An output unit 130 of the video encoding device 100 may encode andtransmit information 800 about a partition type, information 810 about aprediction mode, and information 820 about a size of a transformationunit for each coding unit corresponding to a coded depth, as informationabout an encoding mode.

The information 800 indicates information about a shape of a partitionobtained by splitting a prediction unit of a current coding unit,wherein the partition is a data unit for prediction encoding the currentcoding unit. For example, a current coding unit CU_0 having a size of2N×2N may be split into any one of a partition 802 having a size of2N×2N, a partition 804 having a size of 2N×N, a partition 806 having asize of N×2N, and a partition 808 having a size of N×N. Here, theinformation 800 about a partition type is set to indicate one of thepartition 804 having a size of 2N×N, the partition 806 having a size ofN×2N, and the partition 808 having a size of N×N

The information 810 indicates a prediction mode of each partition. Forexample, the information 810 may indicate a mode of prediction encodingperformed on a partition indicated by the information 800, i.e., anintra mode 812, an inter mode 814, or a skip mode 816.

The information 820 indicates a transformation unit to be based on whentransformation is performed on a current coding unit. For example, thetransformation unit may be a first intra transformation unit 822, asecond intra transformation unit 824, a first inter transformation unit826, or a second inter transformation unit 828.

The entropy decoder 220 of the video decoding device 200 may extract anduse the information 800, 810, and 820 for decoding, according to eachcoding unit according to depths.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of coding units according to depths, according to anexemplary embodiment.

Split information may be used to indicate a change of a depth. The spiltinformation indicates whether a coding unit of a current depth is splitinto coding units of a lower depth.

A prediction unit 910 for prediction encoding of a coding unit 900having a depth of 0 and a size of 2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0 may include partitionsof a partition type 912 having a size of 2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, a partitiontype 914 having a size of 2N_(—)0×N_(—)0, a partition type 916 having asize of N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, and a partition type 918 having a size ofN_(—)0×N_(—)0. FIG. 9 only illustrates the partition types 912 through918 which are obtained by symmetrically splitting the prediction unit910, but a partition type is not limited thereto, and the partitions ofthe prediction unit 910 may include asymmetrical partitions, partitionshaving a predetermined shape, and partitions having a geometrical shape.

Prediction encoding is repeatedly performed on one partition having asize of 2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, two partitions having a size of 2N_(—)0×N_(—)0,two partitions having a size of N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, and four partitionshaving a size of N_(—)0×N_(—)0, according to each partition type. Theprediction encoding in an intra mode and an inter mode may be performedon the partitions having the sizes of 2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, N_(—)0×2N_(—)0,2N_(—)0×N_(—)0, and N_(—)0×N_(—)0. The prediction encoding in a skipmode is performed only on the partition having the size of2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0.

If an encoding error is the smallest in one of the partition types 912through 916 having the sizes of 2N_(—)0×2N_(—)0, 2N_(—)0×N_(—)0, andN_(—)0×2N_(—)0, the prediction unit 910 may not be split into a lowerdepth.

If the encoding error is the smallest in the partition type 918 havingthe size of N_(—)0 xN_(—)0, a depth is changed from 0 to 1 to split thepartition type 918 in operation 920, and encoding is repeatedlyperformed on partition type coding units having a depth of 2 and a sizeof N_(—)0 xN_(—)0 to search for a minimum encoding error.

A prediction unit 940 for prediction encoding of the (partition type)coding unit 930 having a depth of 1 and a size of 2N_(—)1×2N_(—)1(=N_(—)0×N_(—)0) may include partitions of a partition type 942 having asize of 2N_(—)1×2N_(—)1, a partition type 944 having a size of2N_(—)1×N_(—)1, a partition type 946 having a size of N_(—)1×2N_(—)1,and a partition type 948 having a size of N_(—)1×N_(—)1.

If an encoding error is the smallest in the partition type 948 havingthe size of N_(—)1×N_(—)1, a depth is changed from 1 to 2 to split thepartition type 948 in operation 950, and encoding is repeatedlyperformed on coding units 960, which have a depth of 2 and a size ofN_(—)2 xN_(—)2 to search for a minimum encoding error.

When a maximum depth is d, a split operation according to each depth maybe performed up to when a depth becomes d−1, and split information maybe encoded as up to when a depth is one of 0 to d−2. In other words,when encoding is performed up to when the depth is d−1 after a codingunit corresponding to a depth of d−2 is split in operation 970, aprediction unit 990 for prediction encoding a coding unit 980 having adepth of d−1 and a size of 2N_(d−1)×2N_(d−1) may include partitions of apartition type 992 having a size of 2N_(d−1)×2N_(d−1), a partition type994 having a size of 2N_(d−1)×N_(d−1), a partition type 996 having asize of N_(d−1)×2N_(d−1), and a partition type 998 having a size ofN_(d−1)×N_(d−1).

Prediction encoding may be repeatedly performed on one partition havinga size of 2N_(d−1)×2N_(d−1), two partitions having a size of2N_(d−1)×N_(d−1), two partitions having a size of N_(d−1)×2N_(d−1), fourpartitions having a size of N_(d−1)×N_(d-1) from among the partitiontypes 992 through 998 to search for a partition type having a minimumencoding error.

Even when the partition type 998 having the size of N_(d−1)×N_(d−1) hasthe minimum encoding error, since a maximum depth is d, a coding unitCU_(d−1) having a depth of d−1 is no longer split to a lower depth, anda coded depth for the coding units constituting the current maximumcoding unit 900 is determined to be d−1 and a partition type of thecurrent maximum coding unit 900 may be determined to be N_(d−1)×N_(d−1).Also, since the maximum depth is d, split information for the minimumcoding unit 980 is not set.

A data unit 999 may be a “minimum unit” for the current maximum codingunit. A minimum unit according to an exemplary embodiment may be arectangular data unit obtained by splitting the minimum coding unit 980by 4. By performing the encoding repeatedly, the video encoding device100 may select a depth having the least encoding error by comparingencoding errors according to depths of the coding unit 900 to determinea coded depth, and set a corresponding partition type and a predictionmode as an encoding mode of the coded depth.

As such, the minimum encoding errors according to depths are compared inall of the depths of 1 through d, and a depth having the least encodingerror may be determined as a coded depth. The coded depth, the partitiontype of the prediction unit, and the prediction mode may be encoded andtransmitted as information about an encoding mode. Also, since a codingunit is split from a depth of 0 to a coded depth, only split informationof the coded depth is set to 0, and split information of depthsexcluding the coded depth is set to 1.

The entropy decoder 220 of the video decoding device 200 may extract anduse the information about the coded depth and the prediction unit of thecoding unit 900 to decode the coding unit 912. The video decoding device200 may determine a depth, in which split information is 0, as a codeddepth by using split information according to depths, and useinformation about an encoding mode of the corresponding depth fordecoding.

FIGS. 10 through 12 are diagrams for describing a relationship betweencoding units 1010, prediction units 1060, and transformation units 1070according to an exemplary embodiment.

The coding units 1010 are coding units having a tree structure,corresponding to coded depths determined by the video encoding device100, in a maximum coding unit. The prediction units 1060 are partitionsof prediction units of each of the coding units 1010, and thetransformation units 1070 are transformation units of each of the codingunits 1010.

When a depth of a maximum coding unit is 0 in the coding units 1010,depths of coding units 1012 and 1054 are 1, depths of coding units 1014,1016, 1018, 1028, 1050, and 1052 are 2, depths of coding units 1020,1022, 1024, 1026, 1030, 1032, and 1048 are 3, and depths of coding units1040, 1042, 1044, and 1046 are 4.

In the prediction units 1060, some coding units 1014, 1016, 1022, 1032,1048, 1050, 1052, and 1054 are obtained by splitting the coding units.In other words, partition types in the coding units 1014, 1022, 1050,and 1054 have a size of 2N×N, partition types in the coding units 1016,1048, and 1052 have a size of N×2N, and a partition type of the codingunit 1032 has a size of N×N. Prediction units and partitions of thecoding units 1010 are smaller than or equal to each coding unit.

Transformation or inverse transformation is performed on image data ofthe coding unit 1052 in the transformation units 1070 in a data unitthat is smaller than the coding unit 1052. Also, the coding units 1014,1016, 1022, 1032, 1048, 1050, 1052, and 1054 in the transformation units1070 are different from those in the prediction units 1060 in terms ofsizes and shapes. In other words, the video encoding device 100 and thevideo decoding device 200 may perform intra prediction, motionestimation, motion compensation, transformation, and inversetransformation individually on a data unit in the same coding unit.

Accordingly, encoding is recursively performed on each of coding unitshaving a hierarchical structure in each region of a maximum coding unitto determine an optimum coding unit, and thus coding units having arecursive tree structure may be obtained. Encoding information mayinclude split information about a coding unit, information about apartition type, information about a prediction mode, and informationabout a size of a transformation unit. Table 1 shows the encodinginformation that may be set by the video encoding device 100 and thevideo decoding device 200.

TABLE 1 Split Information 0 (Encoding on Coding Unit having Size of 2N ×2N and Current Depth of d) Size of Transformation Unit Split SplitPartition Type Information Information Symmetrical 0 of 1 of PredictionPartition Asymmetrical Transformation Transformation Split Mode TypePartition Type Unit Unit Information 1 Intra 2N × 2N 2N × nU 2N × 2N N ×N Repeatedly Inter 2N × N 2N × nD (Symmetrical Encode Skip N × 2N nL ×2N Type) Coding (Only N × N nR × 2N N/2 × N/2 Units 2N × 2N)(Asymmetrical having Type) Lower Depth of d + 1

The entropy coder 120 of the video encoding device 100 may output theencoding information about the coding units having a tree structure, andthe entropy decoder 220 of the video decoding device 200 may extract theencoding information about the coding units having a tree structure froma received bitstream.

Split information indicates whether a current coding unit is split intocoding units of a lower depth. If split information of a current depth dis 0, a depth, in which a current coding unit is no longer split into alower depth, is a coded depth, and thus information about a partitiontype, a prediction mode, and a size of a transformation unit may bedefined for the coded depth. If the current coding unit is further splitaccording to the split information, encoding is independently performedon four split coding units of a lower depth.

A prediction mode may be one of an intra mode, an inter mode, and a skipmode. The intra mode and the inter mode may be defined in all partitiontypes, and the skip mode is defined only in a partition type having asize of 2N×2N.

The information about the partition type may indicate symmetricalpartition types having sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, and N×N, which areobtained by symmetrically splitting a height or a width of a predictionunit, and asymmetrical partition types having sizes of 2N×nU, 2N×nD,nL×2N, and nR×2N, which are obtained by asymmetrically splitting theheight or width of the prediction unit. The asymmetrical partition typeshaving the sizes of 2N×nU and 2N×nD may be respectively obtained bysplitting the height of the prediction unit in 1:n and n:1 (where n isan integer greater than 1), and the asymmetrical partition types havingthe sizes of nL×2N and nR×2N may be respectively obtained by splittingthe width of the prediction unit in 1:n and n:1.

The size of the transformation unit may be set to be two types in theintra mode and two types in the inter mode. In other words, if splitinformation of the transformation unit is 0, the size of thetransformation unit may be 2N×2N, which is the size of the currentcoding unit. If split information of the transformation unit is 1, thetransformation units may be obtained by splitting the current codingunit. Also, if a partition type of the current coding unit having thesize of 2N×2N is a symmetrical partition type, a size of atransformation unit may be N×N, and if the partition type of the currentcoding unit is an asymmetrical partition type, the size of thetransformation unit may be N/2×N/2.

The encoding information about coding units having a tree structure mayinclude at least one of a coding unit corresponding to a coded depth, aprediction unit, and a minimum unit. The coding unit corresponding tothe coded depth may include at least one of a prediction unit and aminimum unit containing the same encoding information.

Accordingly, it is determined whether adjacent data units are includedin the same coding unit corresponding to the coded depth by comparingencoding information of the adjacent data units. Also, a correspondingcoding unit corresponding to a coded depth is determined by usingencoding information of a data unit, and thus a distribution of codeddepths in a maximum coding unit may be determined.

Accordingly, if a current coding unit is predicted based on encodinginformation of adjacent data units, encoding information of data unitsin coding units according to depths adjacent to the current coding unitmay be directly referred to and used.

Alternatively, if a current coding unit is predicted based on encodinginformation of adjacent data units, data units adjacent to the currentcoding unit are searched using encoded information of the data units,and the searched adjacent coding units may be referred to for predictingthe current coding unit.

FIG. 13 is a diagram for describing a relationship between a codingunit, a prediction unit, and a transformation unit according to theencoding mode information of Table 1.

A maximum coding unit 1300 includes coding units 1302, 1304, 1306, 1312,1314, 1316, and 1318 of coded depths. Here, since the coding unit 1318is a coding unit of a coded depth, split information may be set to 0.Information about a partition type of the coding unit 1318 having a sizeof 2N×2N may be set to be one of a partition type 1322 having a size of2N×2N, a partition type 1324 having a size of 2N×N, a partition type1326 having a size of N×2N, a partition type 1328 having a size of N×N,a partition type 1332 having a size of 2N×nU, a partition type 1334having a size of 2N×nD, a partition type 1336 having a size of nL×2N,and a partition type 1338 having a size of nR×2N.

When the partition type is set to be symmetrical, i.e., the partitiontype 1322, 1324, 1326, or 1328, a transformation unit 1342 having a sizeof 2N×2N is set if split information (TU size flag) of a transformationunit is 0, and a transformation unit 1344 having a size of N×N is set ifa TU size flag is 1.

When the partition type is set to be asymmetrical, i.e., the partitiontype 1332, 1334, 1336, or 1338, a transformation unit 1352 having a sizeof 2N×2N is set if a TU size flag is 0, and a transformation unit 1354having a size of N/2×N/2 is set if a TU size flag is 1.

The TU size flag is a type of transformation index; a size of atransformation unit corresponding to a transformation index may bemodified according to a prediction unit type or a partition type of acoding unit.

When the partition type is set to be symmetrical, i.e., the partitiontype 1322, 1324, 1326, or 1328, the transformation unit 1342 having asize of 2N×2N is set if a TU size flag of a transformation unit is 0,and the transformation unit 1344 having a size of N×N is set if a TUsize flag is 1.

When the partition type is set to be asymmetrical, i.e., the partitiontype 1332 (2N×nU), 1334 (2N×nD), 1336 (nL×2N), or 1338 (nR×2N), thetransformation unit 1352 having a size of 2N×2N is set if a TU size flagis 0, and the transformation unit 1354 having a size of N/2×N/2 is setif a TU size flag is 1.

Referring to FIG. 13, the TU size flag described above is a flag havinga value of 0 or 1, but the TU size flag is not limited to 1 bit, and atransformation unit may be hierarchically split while the TU size flagincreases from 0. The transformation unit split information (TU sizeflag) may be used as an example of a transformation index.

In this case, when a TU size flag according to an exemplary embodimentis used with a maximum size and a minimum size of a transformation unit,the size of the actually used transformation unit may be expressed. Thevideo encoding device 100 may encode maximum transformation unit sizeinformation, minimum transformation unit size information, and maximumtransformation unit split information. The encoded maximumtransformation unit size information, minimum transformation unit sizeinformation, and maximum transformation unit split information may beinserted into a sequence parameter set (SPS). The video decoding device200 may use the maximum transformation unit size information, theminimum transformation unit size information, and the maximumtransformation unit split information for video decoding.

For example, (a) if a size of a current coding unit is 64×64 and amaximum transformation unit is 32×32, (a-1) a size of a transformationunit is 32×32 if a TU size flag is 0; (a-2) a size of a transformationunit is 16×16 if a TU size flag is 1; and (a-3) a size of atransformation unit is 8×8 if a TU size flag is 2.

Alternatively, (b) if a size of a current coding unit is 32×32 and aminimum transformation unit is 32×32, (b-1) a size of a transformationunit is 32×32 if a TU size flag is 0, and since the size of atransformation unit cannot be smaller than 32×32, no more TU size flagsmay be set.

Alternatively, (c) if a size of a current encoding unit is 64×64 and amaximum TU size flag is 1, a TU size flag may be 0 or 1 and no other TUsize flags may be set.

Accordingly, when defining a maximum TU size flag as“MaxTransformSizelndex”, a minimum TU size flag as “MinTransformSize”,and a transformation unit in the case when a TU size flag is 0, that is,a basic transformation unit RootTu as “RootTuSize”, a size of a minimumtransformation unit “CurrMinTuSize”, which is available in a currentcoding unit, may be defined by Equation (1) below.

CurrMinTuSize=max(MinTransformSize,RootTuSize/(2̂MaxTransformSizeIndex))  (1)

In comparison with the size of the minimum transformation unit“CurrMinTuSize” that is available in the current coding unit, the basictransformation unit size “RootTuSize”, which is a size of atransformation unit when if a TU size flag is 0, may indicate a maximumtransformation unit which may be selected in regard to a system. Thatis, according to Equation (1), “RootTuSize/(2̂MaxTransformSizeIndex)” isa size of a transformation unit that is obtained by splitting“RootTuSize”, which is a size of a transformation unit whentransformation unit split information is 0, by the number of splittingtimes corresponding to the maximum transformation unit splitinformation, and “MinTransformSize” is a size of a minimumtransformation unit, and thus a smaller value of these may be“CurrMinTuSize” which is the size of the minimum transformation unitthat is available in the current coding unit.

The size of the basic transformation unit “RootTuSize” according to anexemplary embodiment may vary according to a prediction mode.

For example, if a current prediction mode is an inter mode, RootTuSizemay be determined according to Equation (2) below. In Equation (2),“MaxTransformSize” refers to a maximum transformation unit size, and“PUSize” refers to a current prediction unit size.

RootTuSize=min(MaxTransformSize,PUSize)  (2)

In other words, if a current prediction mode is an inter mode, the sizeof the basic transformation unit size “RootTuSize”, which is atransformation unit if a TU size flag is 0, may be set to a smallervalue from among the maximum transformation unit size and the currentprediction unit size.

If a prediction mode of a current partition unit is an intra mode,“RootTuSize” may be determined according to Equation (3) below.“PartitionSize” refers to a size of the current partition unit.

RootTuSize=min(MaxTransformSize,PartitionSize)  (3)

In other words, if a current prediction mode is an intra mode, the basictransformation unit size “RootTuSize” may be set to a smaller value fromamong the maximum transformation unit size and the current partitionunit size.

However, it should be noted that the size of the basic transformationunit size “RootTuSize”, which is the current maximum transformation unitsize according to an exemplary embodiment and varies according to aprediction mode of a partition unit, is an example, and factors fordetermining the current maximum transformation unit size are not limitedthereto.

Hereinafter, an entropy coding operation of a symbol, which is performedin the entropy coder 120 of the video encoding device 100 of FIG. 1, andan entropy decoding operation of a symbol, which is performed in theentropy decoder 220 of the video decoding device 200 of FIG. 2 will bedescribed in detail.

As described above, the video encoding device 100 and the video decodingdevice 200 perform encoding and decoding by splitting a maximum codingunit into coding units that are smaller than or equal to a maximumcoding unit. A prediction unit and a transformation unit used inprediction and transformation may be determined based on costsindependently from other data units. Since an optimum coding unit may bedetermined by recursively encoding each coding unit having ahierarchical structure included in the maximum coding unit, data unitshaving a tree structure may be configured. In other words, for eachmaximum coding unit, a coding unit having a tree structure, and aprediction unit and a transformation unit each having a tree structuremay be configured. For decoding, hierarchical information, which isinformation indicating structure information of data units having ahierarchical structure and non-hierarchical information for decodingother than the hierarchical information, needs to be transmitted.

The information related to a hierarchical structure is informationneeded for determining a coding unit having a tree structure, aprediction unit having a tree structure, and a transformation unithaving a tree structure, as described above with reference to FIGS. 10through 12, and includes a size of a maximum coding unit, coded depth,partition information of a prediction unit, a split flag indicatingwhether a coding unit is split or not, information about the size of atransformation unit, and a transformation unit split flag “TU size flag”indicating whether a transformation unit is split or not. Examples ofcoding information other than hierarchical structure information includeprediction mode information of intra/inter prediction applied to eachprediction unit, motion vector information, prediction directioninformation, color component information applied to each data unit inthe case when a plurality of color components are used, and textureinformation such as a transformation coefficient.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of an entropy codingdevice 1400 according to an exemplary embodiment. The entropy codingdevice 1400 of FIG. 14 corresponds to the entropy coder 120 of the videoencoding device 100 of FIG. 1. The entropy coding device 1400 performsentropy coding of symbols indicating information related to ahierarchical structure that is an encoding target and encodinginformation other than the hierarchical structure information.

Referring to FIG. 14, the entropy coding device 1400 according to thepresent exemplary embodiment includes a context modeling unit 1410, aprobability estimator 1420, and a regular encoder 1430. The contextmodeling unit 1410 determines a context model used for the entropycoding of a symbol based on hierarchical information of a data unit towhich a symbol of an encoded picture belongs. In detail, assuming thathierarchical information related to the hierarchical-structured dataunit to which a currently encoded target symbol belongs has an I-numberof state values, where I is a positive integer, the context modelingunit 1410 may set I or a less number of context models according to astate value of hierarchical information and may determine a contextmodel to be used for the encoding of a current symbol by allotting acontext index indicating one of the I or a less number of context modelsaccording to the state value of the hierarchical information. Forexample, the size of a data unit to which the currently encoded targetsymbol belongs has a total of five state values of 2×2, 4×4, 8×8, 16×16,32×32, and 64×64. Assuming that the above data unit sizes are used asthe hierarchical information, the context modeling unit 1410 may setfive or a less number of context models according to the data unit sizeand may determine and output a context index indicating a context modelto be used for the entropy coding of a current symbol based on the sizeof a data unit to which the current symbol belongs.

In addition to the absolute data unit size information as describedabove, relative hierarchical information indicating a relative size of adata unit to which a symbol belongs in relation to a higher data unitmay be used. For example, when a current data unit is a data unit havingan N×N size that is split from a higher data unit having a 2N×2N size,the size of a data unit to which the current symbol belongs may bedetermined through a split flag indicating whether or not a higher dataunit having a size of 2N×2N is split. Thus, the context modeling unit1410 may determine the size of a data unit to which a current symbolbelongs through the split flag indicating information about the size ofa higher data unit and whether or not the higher data unit is split andthen determine a context model that is applicable to the current symbolbased on the information about the determined data unit size. Also,information indicating a ratio of the size of a data unit to which thecurrent symbol belongs to the size of a higher data unit may be used asthe hierarchical information. For example, when a current data unit hasa size at a ratio of 1/2 of the higher data unit having a 2N×2N size, anN×N size that is the size of a data unit to which the current symbolbelongs may be determined from the above ratio information. Thus, thecontext modeling unit 1410 may determine the size of a data unit towhich a current symbol belongs using relative hierarchical informationindicating a relative size of a data unit to which the current symbolbelongs in relation to the higher data unit, as the hierarchicalinformation, and then determine a context model based on the determineddata unit size.

Also, the context modeling unit 1410 may determine a context model usedfor the entropy coding of a target symbol based on a combination ofhierarchical information and additional information other than thehierarchical information according to the type of a target symbolsubject to the entropy coding. In detail, assuming that hierarchicalinformation related to the hierarchical-structured data unit to which acurrently encoded target symbol belongs has I-number of state values andother non-hierarchical information other than the hierarchicalinformation has J-number of state values, where J is a positive integer,the number of available cases of the hierarchical information and thenon-hierarchical information is a total of I×J. The context modelingunit 1410 may set I×J or a less number of context models according to acombination of the I×J number of state values and determine a contextmodel to be used for the encoding of a current symbol by allotting acontext index indicating one of the I×J or a less number of contextmodels according to the hierarchical information of a data unit to whicha current symbol belongs and a state value of the non-hierarchicalinformation. For example, a case is assumed in which information aboutthe size of a data unit to which a symbol having a total of five statevalues of 2×2, 4×4, 8×8, 16×16, 32×32, and 64×64 belongs is used as thehierarchical information and color component information of a data unitto which a symbol having two state values of a luminance component and achroma component belongs is used as the non-hierarchical information. Inthis case, a total of 5×2, i.e., 10, combinations are possible as thestate values of the hierarchical information and the non-hierarchicalinformation. The context modeling unit 1410 sets ten or a less number ofcontext models corresponding to the ten state value combinations anddetermines and outputs a context index determined according to a statevalue related to a current symbol.

The context modeling unit 1410, not limited to the above example, mayselect one of a plurality of context models by combining in various waysthe hierarchical information and the non-hierarchical informationaccording to the type of an encoded symbol. In other words, n pieces ofhierarchical information and non-hierarchical information, where n is aninteger, are used for the determining of a context model. Assuming thatthe n-pieces of hierarchical information and non-hierarchicalinformation each have Si-number of states values, where Si is an integerand i is an integer from 1 to n, the context modeling unit 1410 maydetermine and output a context index indicating one of a plurality ofcontext models corresponding to S1×S2× . . . ×Sn number of state valuecombinations based on a state value related to the currently encodedsymbol. The S1×S2× . . . ×Sn number of state value combinations aregrouped and thus S1×S2× . . . ×Sn or a less number of context models maybe used.

Referring back to FIG. 14, the probability estimator 1420 determines andoutputs information about a binary signal corresponding to a mostprobable symbol (MPS) and a least probable symbol (LPS) among binarysignals of 0 and 1 and probability value information about MPS or LPS,using context index information output from the context modeling unit1410. A probability value of MPS or LPS may be determined by reading outa probability value indicated by a context index from a preset look-uptable. Also, the probability values of MPS and LPS may be updated basedon an occurrence statistic accumulation value of a binary signal.

The regular encoder 1430 performs entropy coding and outputs a currentsymbol based on probability value information and binary signalinformation corresponding to MPS or LPS.

The entropy coding device 1400 may encode each symbol by a variablelength coding method of allotting a preset codeword according to acombination of hierarchical information and non-hierarchicalinformation, in addition to a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding(CABAC) method by which a symbol is encoded based on the probabilityvalues of MPS and LPS.

A process of performing entropy coding of symbols using context modelingbased on hierarchical information is described below. In detail, aprocess of performing entropy coding of a symbol related to atransformation coefficient, a symbol with a hierarchical structure of atransformation unit, and a symbol of coding units with a hierarchicalstructure is described.

FIG. 15 illustrates a hierarchical-structured data unit andhierarchical-structured data unit split information, according to anexemplary embodiment. In the following description, it is assumed that adata unit is a transformation unit.

As described above, according to the present exemplary embodiment,encoding is performed using the coding unit, the prediction unit, andthe transformation unit with a hierarchical structure. In FIG. 15, atransformation unit 1500 having a size of N×N of level 0 that is theuppermost level is split into transformation units 31 a, 31 b, 31 c, and31 d of level 1 that is a lower level that is one level lower than theuppermost level. Some transformation units 31 a and 31 d of level 1 eachare split into transformation units 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f,32 g, and 32 h of level 2 that is a lower level by one level. Atransformation unit split flag “TU size flag” indicating whether eachtransformation unit is split into transformation units of a lower levelby one level may be used as a symbol to indicate a hierarchicalstructure of a transformation unit. For example, when the TU size flagof a current transformation unit is 1, it may show that the currenttransformation unit is split into transformation units of a lower level.When the TU size flag of a current transformation unit is 0, it may showthat the current transformation unit is not split anymore.

When the transformation units 31 a, 31 b, 31 c, 31 d, 32 a, 32 b, 32 c,32 d, 32 e, 32 f, 32 g, and 32 h that are split from the transformationunit of level 0 form a hierarchical structure, transformation unit splitinformation of each transformation unit may form a hierarchicalstructure. In other words, transformation unit split information 33 witha hierarchical structure includes transformation unit split information34 of the uppermost level 0, transformation unit split information 35 a,35 b, 35 c, and 35 d of level 1, and transformation unit splitinformation 36 a, 36 b, 36 c, 36 d, 36 e, 36 f, 36 g, 36 h of level 2.

Of the transformation unit split information 33 with a hierarchicalstructure, the transformation unit split information 34 of level 0 maydenote that the transformation unit of the uppermost level 0 is split.In a similar manner, the transformation unit split information 35 a and35 d of level 1 each may denote that the transformation units 31 a and31 d of level 1 are split into the transformation units 32 a, 32 b, 32c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f, 32 g, and 32 h of level 2

Some transformation units 31 b and 31 c of level 1 are not split anymoreand correspond to a leaf node having no child node in a tree structure.Similarly, the transformation units 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f,32 g, and 32 h of level 2 correspond to leaf nodes that are not splitanymore into transformation units of a lower level.

As such, the TU size flag indicating whether a transformation unit of ahigher level is split into a transformation of a lower level may be usedas a symbol indicating a hierarchical structure of a transformationunit.

When the TU size flag indicating the hierarchical structure of atransformation unit is entropy coded, the video encoding device 100according to the present exemplary embodiment may entropy code the TUsize flags of all nodes or only the TU size flag of a leaf node havingno child node.

FIGS. 16 and 17 are reference views illustrating symbols indicating ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to an exemplary embodiment.In FIGS. 16 and 17, a flag is assumed to be a TU size flag thatindicates whether a transformation unit of each node is split into atransformation unit of a lower level in a tree structure of thetransformation unit split information 33 of FIG. 15. Referring to FIG.16, the video encoding device 100 according to the present exemplaryembodiment that is a symbol indicating a hierarchical structure of atransformation unit may perform entropy coding of all of transformationunit split flag information flag0, flag1 a, flag1 b, flag1 c, flag1 d,flag2 a, flag2 b, flag2 c, flag2 d, flag2 e, flag2 f, flag2 g, and flag2h with respect to the transformation units 30, 31 a, 31 b, 31 c, 31 d,32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f, 32 g, and 32 h of all levels, as asymbol indicating a hierarchical structure of a transformation unit.Also, as illustrated in FIG. 17, the video encoding device 100 mayentropy code only transformation unit split flag information flag1 b,flag1 c, flag2 a, flag2 b, flag2 c, flag2 d, flag2 e, flag2 f, flag2 g,and flag2 h of transformation units corresponding to the leaf nodehaving no child node. This is because whether to split a transformationunit of a higher level may be determined according to the existence oftransformation unit split flag information of a lower level. Forexample, in FIG. 17, when transformation unit split flags flag2 a, flag2b, flag2 c, and flag2 d of the transformation units 36 a, 36 b, 36 c,and 36 d of level 2 exist, the transformation unit 35 a of level 1 thatis a higher level of the transformation units 36 a, 36 b, 36 c, and 36 dof level 2 is necessarily split into transformation units of level 2that are lower levels so that the transformation unit split flatinformation flag1 a of the transformation unit 35 a of level 1 does notneed to be separately encoded.

The video decoding device 200 according to the present exemplaryembodiment may extract and read all the transformation unit split flagsflag0, flag1 a, flag1 b, flag1 c, flag1 d, flag2 a, flag2 b, flag2 c,flag2 d, flag2 e, flag2 f, flag2 g, and flag2 h with respect to thetransformation units 30, 31 a, 31 b, 31 c, 31 d, 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d,32 e, 32 f, 32 g, and 32 h of all levels according to a symbolhierarchical decoding mode, thereby determining a hierarchical structureof a transformation unit. Also, when only the transformation unit splitflags flag1 b, flag1 c, flag2 a, flag2 b, flag2 c, flag2 d, flag2 e,flag2 f, flag2 g, and flag2 h with respect to the transformation units31 b, 31 c, 32 a, 32 b, 32 c, 32 d, 32 e, 32 f, 32 g, and 32 hcorresponding to the leaf node are encoded, the video decoding device200 according to the present exemplary embodiment determines the othertransformation unit split flags flag0, flag1 a, flag1 b, flag1 c, andflag1 d based on the extracted transformation unit split flags flag1 b,flag1 c, flag2 a, flag2 b, flag2 c, flag2 d, flag2 e, flag2 f, flag2 g,and flag2 h, thereby determining the hierarchical structure of atransformation unit.

As described above, the context modeling unit 1410 may determine one ofa plurality of context models to entropy code a transformation unitsplit flag indicating the hierarchical structure of a transformationunit based on a state value according to hierarchical information or acombination of hierarchical information and non-hierarchicalinformation.

Specifically, the context modeling unit 1410 may determine a contextmodel used for the entropy coding of a current transformation unit splitflag based on the hierarchical information of a transformation unit towhich the current transformation unit split flag to be encoded belongs.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of context indexes to determine a contextmodel based on the size of a data unit, according to an exemplaryembodiment. Referring to FIG. 19, the context modeling unit 1410 maydetermine a context model for entropy coding a current transformationunit flag by allotting one of context indexes indicating a plurality ofpreset context models based on the information of a size of atransformation unit to which the current transformation unit flagbelongs. For example, when the size of a transformation unit to whichthe current transformation unit flag belongs is 16×16, a context modelhaving a context index value of 6 is selected.

FIG. 20 is a reference view illustrating a context model according to anexemplary embodiment. As described above, the probability estimator 1420determines and outputs information about a binary signal correspondingto MPS and LPS of binary signals of “0” and “1” and information about aprobability value of MPS or LPS, using context index information outputfrom the context modeling unit 1410. Referring to FIG. 20, theprobability estimator 1420 includes a plurality of occurrenceprobabilities of binary signals in the form of a lookup table, andchanges of an occurrence probability of a binary signal according to acurrently encoded symbol and a surrounding situation and outputsdetermined probability value information to the regular encoder 1430.Specifically, when receiving a context index Index NO. indicating acontext model to be applied to a current symbol from the contextmodeling unit 1410, the probability estimator 1420 may determine anindex pStateIdx of an occurrence probability table corresponding to acorresponding context index Index NO. and a binary signal correspondingto MPS.

FIG. 21 is a graph of an MPS occurrence probability value according toan exemplary embodiment. An occurrence probability table indicates aprobability value of MPS. When an index pStateIdx of an occurrenceprobability table is allotted, a probability value of a correspondingMPS is determined. For example, when the context modeling unit 1410determines a value of an index of a context model used for the encodingof a current symbol to be 1 and outputs the determined value, theprobability estimator 1420 determines a pStateIdx value of 7 and an MPSvalue of 0 corresponding to context index 1 of the context models inFIG. 20. Also, the probability estimator 1420 determines a probabilityvalue of MPS corresponding to pStateIdx=7 among the probability valuesof MPS preset according to the pStateIdx value. Since the sum ofprobability values of MPS and LPS is 1, if a probability value of one ofMPS and LPS is known, a probability value of the remaining binary signalmay be determined.

The probability estimator 1420 may update the probability values of MPSand LPS considering statistics of the occurrence of a binary signal byupdating the pStateIdx value according whether MPS or LPS is encodedwhenever a single bin is encoded by the regular encoder 1430. Forexample, the probability estimator 1420 considering a result of theencoding by the regular encoder 1430 may set transIdxMPS that is a valueof pStateIdx after updating when MPS is encoded and tranIdxLPS that is avalue of pStateIdx after updating when LPS is encoded, in the form of apredetermined lookup table. Then, the probability estimator 1420 maychange the probability value of MPS by updating the pStateIdx value foreach encoding.

The regular encoder 1430 performs entropy coding and outputs a binarysignal corresponding to a current symbol based on the information abouta probability value and the information about a binary signalcorresponding to MPS or LPS.

FIG. 26 is a diagram for describing a binary arithmetic coding processperformed by the regular encoder 1430 of FIG. 14. In FIG. 26, it isassumed that the TU size flag indicating the hierarchical structure of atransformation unit is a binary value “010” and occurrence probabilitiesof 1 and 0 are 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. Here, the occurrenceprobability of 1 and 0 are determined based on the hierarchicalinformation of a transformation unit, for example, information about thesize of a transformation unit, to which a current TU size flag belongs.

Referring to FIG. 26, when an initial bin value “0” of a binary value“010” is encoded, a section[0.0˜0.8] that is a lower 80% portion of aninitial section[0.0˜1.0] is updated to a new section. Next, when a nextbin value “1” is encoded, a section[0.64˜0.8] that is an upper 20%portion of the section[0.0˜0.8] is updated to a new section. When a next“0” is encoded, a section[0.64˜0.768] that is a lower 80% portion of thesection[0.64˜0.8] is updated to a new section. In a binary number “0.11”that corresponds to a real number “0.75” belonging to a finalsection[0.64˜0.768], “11” that is the decimal part of 0.11, is output asa bitstream corresponding to the binary value “010” of the TU size flag.

When a context model for entropy coding of a TU size flag based on theinformation about the size of a transformation unit is determined, thecontext modeling unit 1410 may group the sizes of a transformation unitand set a context index to determine a context model, as illustrated inFIG. 22.

The context modeling unit 1410 may use relative hierarchical informationindicating a relative size of a data unit to which a symbol belongs inrelation to a higher transformation unit other than absolutetransformation unit size information. For example, a currenttransformation unit is a transformation unit having a size of a ratio of1/2 with respect to a higher transformation unit having a size of 2N×2N,the context modeling unit 1410 may determine from the ration informationa transformation unit to which a current TU size flag belongs to have asize of N×N, and determines a context model based on the determined sizeof a transformation unit.

The context modeling unit 1410 may determine a context model used forentropy coding of a TU size flag based on a combination of hierarchicalinformation and additional information other than the hierarchicalinformation according to the type of a target symbol to be entropycoded.

FIG. 25 is a reference view illustrating determining a context indexbased on a combination of hierarchical information and additionalinformation other than the hierarchical information, according to anexemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 25, the context modeling unit1410 sets a context index indicating one of a plurality of contextmodels according to a combination of pieces of first information p1 topI having I-number of state values, where I is an integer, and pieces ofsecond information q1 to qJ having J-number of state values, where J isan integer, and determines and outputs a context index according to thefirst information and the second information related to a currentlyencoded symbol. For example, when information about the size of a dataunit to which a symbol having a total of five state values 2×2, 4×4,8×8, 16×16, 32×32, and 64×64 is used as the first information and colorcomponent information having two state values of a luminance componentand a chroma component is used as the non-hierarchical information, tencombinations are available and the context modeling unit 1410 sets tenor a less number of context models corresponding to the ten state valuecombinations and determines and outputs a context index determinedaccording to a state value related to a current symbol. Also, thecontext modeling unit 1410 may group the state values as in FIG. 22 toset a context index according to grouped state values.

As such, the context modeling unit 1410 according to the presentexemplary embodiment may select one of a plurality of context models byvariously combining hierarchical information and non-hierarchicalinformation according to the type of a symbol to be encoded.

The above-described process of encoding a symbol to indicate ahierarchical structure of a transformation unit may be identicallyapplied to a process of encoding a symbol indicating a hierarchicalstructure of a coding unit or a prediction unit. A split flag indicatingwhether each encoding unit is split into coding units of a lower levelby one level may be used as a symbol to indicate a hierarchicalstructure of a coding unit. Similarly to the above-described entropycoding of a TU size flag, the split flag is entropy coded based on aselected context model according to a state value obtained by variouslycombining hierarchical information and non-hierarchical information.

A process of entropy coding of a symbol related to a transformationcoefficient is described below. FIG. 18 is a reference view fordescribing a process of entropy coding of a transformation coefficient,according to an exemplary embodiment.

A symbol related to transformation coefficients transformed based on thehierarchical structures of transformation units includes a flag“coded_block_flag” indicating whether a transformation coefficient valuethat is not 0 exists in the transformation coefficients included in thetransformation unit, a flag “significant_coeff_flag” indicating theposition of a transformation coefficient that is not 0, a flag“last_significant_coeff_flag” indicating the position of a finaltransformation coefficient that is not 0 and an absolute value of thetransformation coefficient that is not 0.

When the flag coded_block_flag is 0, which is a case where atransformation coefficient that is not 0 does not exist in a currenttransformation unit, it signifies that no more information to betransmitted is left. A flag coded_block_flag having a binary value of 0or 1 is determined for each transformation unit. The flagcoded_block_flag may be entropy coded similarly to the TU size flagindicating the hierarchical structure of a transformation unit of FIG.15. When the flag coded_block_flag of a transformation unitcorresponding to a higher node is 0, the flags coded_block_flag of atransformation unit corresponding to a child node all have a value of 0and thus only the flag coded_block_flag of a higher node is entropycoded.

Referring to FIG. 18, transformation coefficients in a transformationunit 2000 are scanned according to a zigzag scan order. The scan ordermay be changed. In FIG. 18, it is assumed that all transformationcoefficients corresponding to an empty space have 0. In FIG. 18, a finaleffective transformation coefficient is a transformation coefficient2010 having a value of “−1”. While scanning each transformationcoefficient in the transformation unit 2000, the entropy coding device1400 encodes the fag “significant_coeff_flag” indicating whether eachtransformation coefficient is a transformation coefficient that is not 0and the flag “last_significant_coeff_flag” indicating whether thetransformation coefficient that is not 0 is a transformation coefficientthat is not 0 at a final position in the scan order. In other words,when the flag significant_coeff_flag is 1, the transformationcoefficient at the corresponding position is an effective transformationcoefficient having a value that is not 0. When the flagsignificant_coeff_flag is 0, the transformation coefficient at thecorresponding position is an effective transformation coefficient havinga value that is 0. When the flag last_significant_coeff_flag is 0, asubsequent effective transformation coefficient remains in the scanorder. When the flag last_significant_coeff_flag is 1, thetransformation coefficient at the corresponding position is a finaleffective transformation coefficient. To indicate the position of afinal effective transformation coefficient, coordinate informationindicating a relative position of a final effective transformationcoefficient may be used instead of the flag last_significant_coeff_flag.For example, as illustrated in FIG. 18, since the transformationcoefficient “−1” 2010 as a final effective transformation coefficient islocated at the fifth position in the horizontal axis direction and atthe fifth position in the vertical axis direction with respect to thetransformation coefficient at the left uppermost position in FIG. 18,the entropy coding device 1400 may encode a value of x=5 and y=5 asposition information of a final effective transformation coefficient.

The context modeling unit 1410 may determine a context model for theentropy coding of symbols related to a transformation coefficient basedon a state value according to hierarchical information or a combinationof the hierarchical information and non-hierarchical information. Inother words, similarly to the process of determining a context modelused for the entropy coding of a TU size flag indicating theabove-described hierarchical structure of a transformation unit, thecontext modeling unit 1410 may determine a context model used for theentropy coding of symbols related to a transformation coefficient basedon the hierarchical information of a transformation unit to which acurrent transformation coefficient to be encoded belongs. For example,as illustrated in FIG. 19 or 22, the context modeling unit 1410 maydetermine a context model used for the entropy coding of symbols relatedto a transformation coefficient using information about the size of atransformation unit to which a current transformation coefficientbelongs.

Also, the context modeling unit 1410 may use relative hierarchicalinformation indicating a relative size of a data unit to which a symbolbelongs in relation to a higher transformation unit other than theabsolute transformation unit size information. The context modeling unit1410 may determine a context model used for the entropy coding ofsymbols related to a transformation coefficient based on a combinationof hierarchical information and additional information other than thehierarchical information. For example, the context modeling unit 1410may set a context index based on the information about the size of atransformation unit and color component information as non-hierarchicalinformation. Also, the context modeling unit 1410 may use informationabout the position of each pixel as non-hierarchical information for theentropy coding of a symbol set in units of pixels such as the flag“significant_coeff_flag” indicating whether a transformation coefficientis a transformation coefficient that is not 0 and the flag“last_significant_coeff_flag” indicating whether the transformationcoefficient that is not 0 is the transformation coefficient that is not0 at the final position in the scan order.

FIGS. 23 and 24 are reference views illustrating a context index mappingtable set based on information about the position of a data unit,according to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, thecontext modeling unit 1410 may allot a context index as indicated byreference numerals 2500 and 2600 according to the position of each pixelduring the entropy coding of a symbol set in units of pixels and maydetermine a context model using the context index determined accordingto the position of a current symbol. Also, the context modeling unit1410 may determine a context model through a combination of hierarchicalinformation during the entropy coding of a symbol set in units ofpixels. For example, the flag “significant_coeff_flag” indicatingwhether a transformation coefficient is a transformation coefficientthat is not 0 and the flag “last_significant_coeff_flag” indicatingwhether the transformation coefficient that is not 0 is a transformationcoefficient that is not 0 at a final position in the scan order may bedetermined by combining the first information according to the size of atransformation unit and the second information according to the positionof a transformation coefficient. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the contextmodeling unit 1410 may set a context index indicating one of a pluralityof context models according to a combination of pieces of firstinformation p1 to pI having I-number of state values, where I is aninteger, and pieces of second information q1 to qJ having J-number ofstate values, where J is an integer and may determine and output acontext index according to information about the size of atransformation unit to which a current transformation coefficientbelongs and the position of the current transformation coefficient.

Although symbols are encoded and decoded by using CABAC in theabove-description, the entropy coding device 1400 may encode each symbolby a variable length coding method in which preset codewords areallotted according to a combination of hierarchical information andnon-hierarchical information.

The entropy coding device 1400 according to the present exemplaryembodiment is not limited to the above description, may determine one ofa plurality of context models through a combination of at least oneinformation selected from hierarchical information of a coding unit,hierarchical information of a prediction unit, hierarchical informationof a transformation unit, color component information, prediction modeinformation, the maximum size of a coding unit, coded depth, informationabout partition of a prediction unit, a split flag indicating whether acoding unit is split, information about the size of a transformationunit, a TU size flag indicating whether a transformation unit is split,prediction mode information of intra/inter prediction applied to eachprediction unit, motion vector information, prediction directioninformation, and information related to the position of a symbol, andperform entropy coding on a symbol using the determined context model.

FIG. 27 is a flowchart of a video encoding method using ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to an exemplary embodiment.Referring to FIG. 27, in operation 2910, the hierarchic encoder 110encodes a picture forming a video based on a hierarchical-structureddata unit. In the process of encoding a picture based on thehierarchical-structured data unit, a hierarchical-structured coding unitcorresponding to each depth, coding units according to a tree structureincluding coding units of code depth, a partition for predictionencoding for each coding unit of the coded depth, and hierarchicalstructure of a transformation unit may be determined for each maximumcoding unit.

In operation 2920, the entropy coder 120 that determines a context modelused for the entropy coding of a symbol is determined based onhierarchical information of a data unit to which a symbol of an encodedpicture belongs. Also, the entropy coder 120 may determine a contextmodel to be applicable for a current symbol of a plurality of contextmodels through a combination of information related to a hierarchicalstructure and additional information other than the hierarchicalstructure information.

The hierarchical information may be one of information about the size ofa data unit to which a symbol belongs and relative hierarchicalinformation indicating a relative size of a data unit to which a symbolbelongs in relation to a data unit of a higher level having a sizelarger than the data unit to which the symbol belongs. The relativehierarchical information may include information about the size of ahigher data unit, a split flag indicating whether the higher data unitis split, or information about a relative ratio of the size of data towhich a symbol belongs with respect to the higher data unit.

In operation 2930, the entropy coder 120 performs entropy coding of asymbol using the determined context model. The symbol may includeinformation about a transformation coefficient, information about thehierarchical structure of a transformation unit used for the encodingusing the hierarchical-structured data unit, and information about ahierarchical structure of a picture.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of an entropydecoding device 3000 according to an exemplary embodiment. The entropydecoding device 3000 of FIG. 28 corresponds to the entropy decoder 220of the video decoding device 200 of FIG. 2.

The entropy decoding device 3000 entropy decodes symbols indicatinginformation related to the hierarchical structure that is a codingtarget extracted by the symbol extracting unit 210 of FIG. 2 andinformation about coding other than hierarchical structure information.Referring to FIG. 28, the entropy decoding device 3000 according to thepresent exemplary embodiment includes a context modeling unit 3010, aprobability estimator 3020, and a regular decoder 3030.

The context modeling unit 3010 determines a context model used for theentropy coding of a symbol based on hierarchical information of a dataunit to which a symbol belongs. Specifically, assuming that hierarchicalinformation related to the hierarchical-structured data unit to which acurrently decoded target symbol belongs has an I-number of state values,where I is a positive integer, the context modeling unit 3010 may set Ior a less number of context models according to a state value ofhierarchical information and may determine a context model to be usedfor the decoding of a current symbol by allotting a context indexindicating one of the I or a less number of context models according tothe state value of the hierarchical information. Also, in addition tothe absolute data unit size information as described above, relativehierarchical information indicating a relative size of a data unit towhich a symbol belongs in relation to a higher data unit may be used.

Information indicating a ratio of the size of a data unit to which acurrent symbol belongs compared to the size of a higher data unit may beused as the hierarchical information. The context modeling unit 3010 maydetermine the size of a data unit to which a current symbol belongsusing relative hierarchical information indicating a relative size of adata unit to which the current symbol belongs in relation to the higherdata unit as the hierarchical information, and may determine a contextmodel based on the determined size of a data unit. Also, the contextmodeling unit 3010 may determine a context model used for the entropydecoding of a target symbol based on a combination of hierarchicalinformation and additional information other than the hierarchicalinformation according to the type of a symbol.

Specifically, assuming that hierarchical information related to thehierarchical-structured data unit to which a currently decoded targetsymbol belongs has I-number of state values and other non-hierarchicalinformation other than the hierarchical information has J-number ofstate values, where J is a positive integer, the context modeling unit3010 may set I×J or a less number of context models according to acombination of I×J number of state values, and may set a context modelused for the decoding of the current symbol by allotting a context indexindicating one of the I×J or a less number of context models accordingto the state values of the hierarchical information of a data unit towhich the current symbol belongs and non-hierarchical information. Also,the context model determined by the context modeling unit 3010 based onthe combination of the hierarchical information and non-hierarchicalinformation is set as in the context modeling unit 1410 of the entropycoding device 1400.

The context modeling unit 3010 is not limited to the above-describedexemplary embodiment and one of a plurality of context models may beselected by variously combining the hierarchical information andnon-hierarchical information according to the type of a symbol to bedecoded.

The probability estimator 3020 determines and outputs information abouta probability value of MPS and LPS and information about a binary signalcorresponding to the MPS and LPS among the binary signals of 0 and 1using the context index information output from the context modelingunit 3010. The probability value of MPS or LPS may be determined byreading out a probability value indicated by a context index from apreset lookup table. Also, the probability value of MPS or LPS may beupdated based on the occurrence statistic accumulation value of a binarysignal.

The regular decoder 3030 performs entropy decoding of a current symbolincluded in a bitstream based on the binary signal information andprobability information corresponding to MPS or LPS and outputs decodedsymbol information.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart of a video decoding method using ahierarchical-structured data unit, according to another exemplaryembodiment. Referring to FIG. 29, in operation 3110, the symbolextracting unit 210 extracts a symbol of a picture encoded based on thehierarchical-structured data unit by parsing an encoded bitstream.

In operation 3120, the entropy decoder 220 determines a context modelused for the entropy decoding of a symbol based on the hierarchicalinformation of a data unit to which a symbol belongs. Also, the entropydecoder 220 may determine a context model to be applied to a currentsymbol among a plurality of context models through a combination ofinformation related to a hierarchical structure and additionalinformation other than the hierarchical structure information.

The hierarchical information may be one of information about the size ofa data unit to which a symbol belongs and relative hierarchicalinformation indicating a relative size of a data unit to which a symbolbelongs in relation to a data unit of a higher level having a sizelarger than the data unit to which the symbol belongs. The relativehierarchical information may include information about the size of ahigher data unit, a split flag indicating whether the higher data unitis split, or information about a relative ratio of the size of data towhich a symbol belongs with respect to the higher data unit.

In operation 3130, the entropy decoder 220 entropy decodes a symbolusing the determined context model. The symbol may include informationabout a transformation coefficient, information about the hierarchicalstructure of a transformation unit used for the encoding using thehierarchical-structured data unit, and information about a hierarchicalstructure of a picture.

Exemplary embodiments can also be embodied as computer-readable codes ona computer-readable recording medium. The computer-readable recordingmedium is any data storage device that can store data which can bethereafter read by a computer system. Examples of the computer-readablerecording medium include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory(RAM), CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storagedevices, etc. The computer-readable recording medium can also bedistributed over network-coupled computer systems so that thecomputer-readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.Moreover, it is understood that in exemplary embodiments, one or moreunits of the above-described apparatuses can include circuitry, aprocessor, a microprocessor, etc., and may execute a computer programstored in a computer-readable medium.

While exemplary embodiments have been particularly shown and describedabove, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art thatvarious changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept as definedby the appended claims. The exemplary embodiments should be consideredin descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Therefore,the scope of the inventive concept is defined not by the detaileddescription of exemplary embodiments but by the appended claims, and alldifferences within the scope will be construed as being included in thepresent invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A video decoding method comprising: receiving abitstream including a transformation unit split flag indicating whethera transformation unit is split, the transformation unit being includedin a coding unit; determining a context model based on a size of thetransformation unit; obtaining the transformation unit split flag byentropy decoding the bitstream based on the determined context model;when the transformation unit split flag indicates a split of atransformation unit of a current transformation depth, splitting thetransformation unit of the current transformation depth into a pluralityof transformation units of lower transformation depth; and when thetransformation unit split flag indicates a non-split of a transformationunit of a current transformation depth, performinginverse-transformation on the transformation unit of the currenttransformation depth.